Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences...

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 6 to 11.

Airport Delays and Cancellations: What Travellers Should Know

Flight disruptions are becoming more common in the United States. Weather conditions, staffing shortages and technical problems can (6) ____________ significant delays or cancellations. Passengers are advised to check airline updates regularly and stay informed about any schedule (7) ____________.

Travellers should arrive early at the airport (8) ____________ unexpected security procedures may extend waiting times. Airlines are responsible for offering assistance under a (9) ____________ designed to protect affected passengers.

To reduce inconvenience:

• Keep essential items in a carry-on bag.

• Contact airline staff to (10) ____________ a compensation claim if your flight is cancelled for reasons within the airline’s control.

• Check the (11) ____________ of flights cancelled on your route before making alternative travel plans.

Question 6.
A. give rise to
B. give up on
C. give way to
D. result from

Question 7.
A. settlements
B. enclosures
C. adjustments
D. possessions

Question 8.
A. and
B. but
C. so
D. because

Question 9.
A. passenger assistance policy
B. assistance passenger policy

C. passenger policy assistance
D. policy passenger assistance

Question 10.
A. postpone
B. replace
C. file
D. undergo

Question 11.
A. number
B. rate
C. amount
D. level

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 12 to 19.

        As smartphones increasingly dominate online activity, improving mobile usability has become a strategic priority for digital designers. Compared with desktop interfaces, mobile environments present constraints due to limited screen space and touch-based interaction. These conditions require layouts that minimise distraction, highlight essential functions and help users complete tasks efficiently without excessive cognitive effort.

        A common problem in mobile interface design is visual clutter. When too many buttons, images or text blocks compete for attention, users may struggle to navigate effectively or interpret information accurately. Establishing a clear visual hierarchy, maintaining consistent design patterns and ensuring readable typography allow users to process content more smoothly. Removing redundant elements and simplifying structures can significantly enhance clarity while preserving functional balance and interface consistency.

        Effective navigation is essential for maintaining usability across mobile platforms. Since small screens cannot accommodate complex menu systems, designers must adopt simplified and logically organised structures. Features such as compact icons, bottom navigation bars and gesture-based commands are widely used to facilitate quicker interaction. However, these solutions must be carefully designed, as poorly labelled or hidden functions may confuse users and reduce overall satisfaction.

        Performance and responsiveness also shape user experience. Mobile users often access information in short sessions and expect immediate results. When a page loads slowly or relies heavily on visual effects, users may abandon it more quickly, weakening long-term engagement. Technical optimisation, including image compression, efficient coding and adaptive design, supports smoother performance across devices and varying network conditions.

        Finally, user testing remains crucial in mobile design. By observing real usage patterns, designers can identify obstacles that theoretical assumptions overlook. They can then adjust layouts and refine navigation flows to align better with user expectations. In a competitive digital marketplace, usability functions not merely as an enhancement but as a fundamental requirement for sustained growth.

(Adapted from https://consumersearch.com)

Question 12. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor affecting mobile usability?

A. Hardware storage capacity
B. Touch-based interaction

C. Performance and responsiveness
D. Limited screen space

Question 13. The word “constraints” in paragraph 1 can be best replaced by ____________.

A. innovations
B. advantages
C. adjustments
D. limitations

Question 14. The word “redundant” in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ____________.

A. unnecessary
B. excessive
C. innovative
D. essential

Question 15. The word “it” in paragraph 4 refers to ____________.

A. a page
B. a technical optimisation

C. a long-term engagement
D. a user behaviour

Question 16. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 5?

A. In competitive digital markets, usability has become essential rather than simply an additional improvement.

B. In competitive digital markets, usability can enhance platforms but is not always necessary for growth.

C. In competitive digital markets, platform success often results from marketing instead of improvements.

D. In competitive digital markets, sustained growth depends mainly on innovative visual design strategies.

Question 17. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. User testing guarantees error-free interface design.

B. Hidden or unclear navigation elements may decrease user satisfaction.

C. Visual effects always strengthen long-term engagement.

D. Complex menu systems are suitable for small mobile screens.

Question 18. Which paragraph discusses the importance of reducing unnecessary design elements?

A. Paragraph 3
B. Paragraph 4
C. Paragraph 2
D. Paragraph 1

Question 19. Which paragraph refers to technical strategies for improving system performance?

A. Paragraph 2
B. Paragraph 5
C. Paragraph 4
D. Paragraph 3

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 20 to 25.

🧪 Edinburgh Science Festival

        The Edinburgh Science Festival is an annual event (20) ____________ celebrates scientific discovery and innovation. Held each spring, the festival offers numerous exhibitions, workshops and interactive activities designed to (21) ____________ interest among people of all ages.

        Visitors are encouraged to take part in hands-on experiments and discussions (22) ____________ by scientists and researchers. Although participants may have little scientific background, the activities are designed to be accessible and engaging.

        The festival also highlights the importance of scientific (23) ____________ in modern society, especially in addressing global challenges. Many events rely on collaboration between universities, schools and research organisations.

        (24) ____________ the festival to receive greater support from schools and local communities, it would have an even wider impact. Some schools already organise regular science-related activities for young people, and (25) ____________ schools may follow if more support is available.

(Adapted from https://www.earthday.org)

Question 20.
A. whose
B. who
C. which
D. whom

Question 21.
A. reduce
B. ignore
C. create
D. cancel

Question 22.
A. led
B. lead
C. are led
D. leading

Question 23.
A. literate
B. illiteracy
C. literately
D. literacy

Question 24.
A. Unless
B. Should
C. Had
D. Were

Question 25.
A. another
B. others
C. other
D. the other

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 26 to 30.

        While greenwashing has received significant public attention, brownwashing remains less widely recognised. It occurs when companies intentionally minimise or obscure their genuine environmental progress in public communication. (26) ____________. As a result, firms may appear less environmentally responsible than they actually are.

        One reason for this behaviour is the increasing pressure placed on companies to meet ambitious sustainability targets. (27) ____________. In such situations, organisations may prefer to avoid strong claims altogether rather than draw attention to commitments they may struggle to fulfil. This cautious approach can be particularly common in highly competitive industries.

        However, brownwashing can also create unintended consequences, (28) ____________. When companies fail to communicate their achievements clearly, stakeholders may struggle to identify which firms are genuinely making progress.

        Another concern is that inconsistent communication practices make comparison difficult. (29) ____________, those that communicate more clearly may gain an advantage, regardless of their actual environmental performance.

        To address these challenges, experts suggest that improving both transparency and consistency is essential. The key issue is (30) ____________.

(Adapted from https://news.umich.edu)

Question 26. 

A. This may seem counterintuitive, as businesses are generally expected to highlight their achievements

B. This is often driven by companies’ desire to improve their image through environmental communication

C. In addition, sustainability reporting has become an important tool for corporate communication

D. For this reason, many firms attempt to expand their environmental campaigns to reach wider audiences

Question 27. 

A. In many cases, companies that fail to live up to these expectations may face criticism and reputational damage

B. As a result, companies invest more resources in promoting their environmental achievements to attract support

C. For example, some organisations prioritise internal improvements before sharing their results publicly

D. In addition, sustainability reporting helps firms communicate their long-term strategies more clearly to investors

Question 28. 

A. leaving responsible firms less recognised for their real environmental efforts

B. reflecting differences in standards across sectors and reporting systems

C. reinforcing the role of sustainability reporting in corporate communication

D. making sustainability reporting less common in competitive industries

Question 29. 

A. Since corporate communication strategies play an important role in shaping public perception

B. When companies adopt different ways of presenting their environmental results in reports

C. Because environmental reports are often used to support broader corporate messaging

D. Although many organisations aim to improve transparency in sustainability communication

Question 30. 

A. whether companies are communicating accurately or creating misleading impressions selectively

B. the extent to which environmental policies influence business decisions in competitive markets

C. how companies can strengthen their reputation through clearer environmental communication

D. why sustainability reporting has become increasingly important in modern corporate practices

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

        For more than fifteen years, environmental organisations, scientists and Indigenous communities campaigned for stronger protection of the High Seas – the vast areas of ocean beyond national jurisdiction. These waters, covering nearly half of the planet, had long remained largely unregulated and vulnerable to intensive resource exploitation. In early 2026, their efforts culminated in the entry into force of the Global Ocean Treaty, creating a new legal framework for international marine governance.

        Before the Treaty, less than one percent of the High Seas was fully or highly protected. Industrial fishing fleets operated with minimal restrictions, and proposals for deep-sea mining raised concerns about irreversible ecological damage and long-term habitat degradation. [I] By establishing a formal process to designate marine protected areas, the Treaty provides governments with tools to conserve biodiversity on a scale not previously possible in international waters.

        Supporters argue that protecting the High Seas is essential not only for marine life but also for climate stability. Oceans absorb vast amounts of carbon dioxide and regulate global temperatures. Moreover, billions of people depend on healthy marine ecosystems for food security and economic livelihoods. In this context, ocean conservation is increasingly viewed as central to sustainable development rather than a purely environmental objective.

        Nevertheless, adoption of the Treaty did not occur without resistance. [II] Some governments were initially reluctant to accept binding obligations that might limit industrial expansion. Negotiations required compromise, and implementation will depend on continued political will and institutional coordination. Under the agreement, proposals for protected areas must be based on scientific evidence and involve consultation with affected communities, ensuring legitimacy and accountability.

        World leaders have committed to protecting 30 percent of the world’s oceans by 2030 – the “30x30” goal. [III] Achieving this target will demand consistent monitoring, transparent reporting and meaningful enforcement. Past environmental agreements demonstrate that ambitious pledges alone do not automatically produce measurable results.

        [IV] The Global Ocean Treaty therefore represents both a diplomatic achievement and a test of global commitment. Its ultimate impact will depend on whether governments transform negotiated promises into sustained protection for marine ecosystems.

(Adapted from https://www.greenpeace.org.uk)

Question 31. According to paragraph 1, the coming into force of the Global Ocean Treaty can best be seen as the result of ____________.

A. economic incentives generated by expanding marine industries worldwide

B. a sudden rise in international disputes over ocean resource exploitation

C. a rapid shift in government policy triggered by recent scientific discoveries

D. prolonged and coordinated pressure from environmental and scientific advocates

Question 32. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for protecting the High Seas?

A. Maintaining planetary climate stability
B. Supporting coastal economic livelihoods

C. Preserving global marine biodiversity
D. Expanding international trade networks

Question 33. The word “their” in paragraph 1 refers to ____________.

A. environmental groups, scientists and Indigenous communities

B. environmental advocacy organisations

C. national governments in treaty negotiations

D. scientific research institutions

Question 34. The word “culminated in” paragraph 1 mostly means ____________.

A. accelerated
B. initiated
C. resulted in
D. complicated

Question 35. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 2?

A. Rising concern over deep-sea mining encouraged stronger international regulation of marine activities.

B. Some protections in international waters existed, but they remained too limited to prevent ecological damage.

C. Industrial exploitation in the High Seas revealed regulatory failings that the Treaty was designed to address.

D. Weak protection and growing exploitation in the High Seas highlighted the need for the Treaty framework.

Question 36. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?

A. Efforts to safeguard marine ecosystems are mainly promoted for environmental reasons, while their developmental role remains uncertain.

B. The protection of marine ecosystems is increasingly discussed within sustainability debates, yet still treated chiefly as an ecological issue.

C. Beyond environmental considerations, protecting the oceans is increasingly regarded as integral to long-term social and economic progress.

D. Policies supporting marine protection are increasingly linked to economic development, though environmental priorities are becoming less central.

Question 37. According to paragraph 4, one challenge during negotiations was that some governments ____________.

A. withdrew from multilateral discussions entirely

B. rejected community involvement requirements

C. resisted accepting legally binding obligations

D. opposed formal scientific consultation processes

Question 38. It can be inferred from the passage that the Treaty’s effectiveness will hinge on ____________.

A. legal adoption automatically producing ecological recovery

B. preventing economic expansion in marine industries altogether

C. the 30x30 pledge guaranteeing universal compliance

D. national priorities aligning with collective enforcement mechanisms

Question 39. Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

“Such hesitation illustrates the tension between environmental ambition and economic calculation.”

A. [II]
B. [I]
C. [III]
D. [IV]

Question 40. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A. International marine agreements often project ambitious goals but risk remaining symbolic unless backed by rigorous enforcement and political commitment.

B. Structural challenges in regulating international waters continue to undermine attempts at comprehensive ocean protection, despite diplomatic progress.

C. The Treaty is a landmark achievement, yet its credibility depends on governments translating negotiated promises into sustained ecological protection.

D. Efforts to conserve the High Seas reveal persistent tensions between environmental imperatives and economic expansion, complicating global governance.