Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option...

Read the following passage about the Inside the Global Media Matrix and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.

Media Conglomerates and the Algorithmic Shaping of Public Perception

        In today's interconnected world, media conglomerates pull the strings of public perception and social discourse. These powerful entities, often operating across multiple platforms and jurisdictions, shape narratives that influence billions of people daily. Through strategic content curation and distribution, they construct a version of reality that can significantly impact public opinion, consumer behavior, and even political outcomes. The rapid advancement of digital technologies has fundamentally altered how information flows, creating an intricate web of interconnected media channels.

        [I]The transformation of traditional media landscapes into complex, algorithm-driven ecosystems represents a paradigm shift in information distribution. [II]Social media platforms, streaming services, and news aggregators employ sophisticated data analytics to personalize content delivery, creating echo chambers that reinforce existing beliefs and biases. [III]This technological revolution has blurred the lines between fact and fiction, making it increasingly challenging for audiences to distinguish genuine information from manufactured narratives. [IV]

        The concentration of media ownership presents another critical dimension to this phenomenon, with profound implications for democratic discourse and social cohesion. A handful of corporations control vast networks of television stations, newspapers, radio channels, and digital platforms, potentially limiting the diversity of perspectives reaching the public. This consolidation of power raises important questions about media independence, editorial integrity, and the democratic process. Critics argue that this centralization threatens the fundamental principle of free press and balanced reporting.

        Despite these challenges, emerging alternative media sources and independent journalism platforms are working to counterbalance mainstream narratives. Citizen journalists, independent news outlets, and grassroots media organizations leverage digital tools to offer different perspectives and challenge dominant narratives. As media literacy becomes increasingly vital for navigating the modern information environment, the challenge lies in balancing technological innovation with ethical considerations while maintaining the integrity of public discourse. The democratization of information creation represents a potential shift in the power dynamics of global media.

(Adapted from https://www.mdpi.com/)

Question 1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a concern about media concentration?

A. Threats to editorial integrity
B. Environmental impact

C. Limited diversity of perspectives
D. Challenges to democratic discourse

Question 2: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. Social media platforms eliminate bias by providing equal representation to all viewpoints and opinions.

B. Alternative media sources are completely ineffective in challenging the dominance of mainstream media.

C. Digital technologies decrease the influence of media conglomerates in shaping public discourse globally.

D. Media literacy is becoming crucial as technology transforms how information is created and distributed.

Question 3: The phrase “pull the strings” in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by ____________.

A. call up
B. take over
C. run down
D. control behind

Question 4: Which of the following best summarises paragraph 3?

A. Media concentration by a few corporations threatens press freedom and limits diverse public perspectives.

B. Corporate media networks enhance the quality of journalism through professional content management.

C. Digital platforms transform traditional media outlets through advanced distribution mechanisms.

D. Media ownership consolidation leads to technological advancement and innovation in content delivery systems.

Question 5: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

A. New independent media sources are working to provide different views from dominant media channels.

B. Traditional media outlets are adapting their strategies to compete with emerging digital platforms.

C. Digital platforms are developing advanced algorithms to distribute diverse media perspectives daily.

D. Mainstream media organizations are collaborating with independent journalists to improve content.

Question 6: The word “consolidation” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by ____________.

A. concentration
B. distribution
C. organization
D. manipulation

Question 7: Which of the following best summarises the passage?

        A. Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing how media companies create and distribute their content.

        B. Media concentration affects information flow while alternative sources offer balancing perspectives.

        C. Digital technologies have completely transformed how media organizations distribute their content.

        D. Social media platforms are replacing traditional news sources in modern information ecosystems.

Question 8: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

        A. Independent journalism will completely replace mainstream media outlets in the near future.

        B. Social media platforms guarantee equal representation of all perspectives and viewpoints.

        C. Digital technology will eventually eliminate all forms of traditional media and news distribution.

        D. Media literacy skills are essential for navigating today's complex information landscape.

Question 9: The word “they” in paragraph 1 refers to ____________.

A. Digital technologies
B. Public perceptions        

C. Social discourses
D. Media conglomerates

Question 10: Where in paragraph 2 does the following sentence best fit?

The rise of artificial intelligence in content creation and distribution adds another layer of complexity, raising new concerns about authenticity and trust in media.

A. [III]
B. [I]
C. [IV]
D. [II]

Read the following passage about Stories from Education's Frontlines and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 11 to 18.

The Evolution of Modern Education: Balancing Innovation, Technology, and Human Connection

        Education has transformed in recent years. Traditional classrooms with rows of desks are replaced by flexible spaces fostering collaboration. This shift reflects modern philosophy valuing active engagement over passive learning. Teachers now serve as guides rather than knowledge providers, helping students navigate information. Despite positive changes, rural schools struggle with innovation due to limited resources. Many educators are working tirelessly to bridge this gap through community partnerships and innovative teaching methods.

        Technology has become central to this revolution. Interactive whiteboards and educational apps have changed how students interact with materials. Online platforms enable learning at an individual pace. Virtual reality allows exploration without leaving the classroom. However, challenges exist. Many educators worry screen time hinders social development, while the "digital divide" means underprivileged students cannot access these advances. Finding balance between technological innovation and traditional human interaction remains a critical consideration for successful educational reform.

        Teachers have shown remarkable adaptability. Many embrace project-based learning, where students investigate real-world problems. Flipped classrooms, where lecture content is reviewed at home, have gained popularity. This model allows personalized support during class time. Their resilience was evident during crises when many quickly mastered remote teaching techniques despite minimal preparation. Professional development opportunities have become increasingly important as teachers strive to keep pace with evolving educational trends and requirements.

        Student experiences reveal meaningful impacts. Many report greater enthusiasm when given autonomy and relevant projects. One student described how researching water quality made science relevant to her community. Another explained how collaboration improved his communication skills. These outcomes suggest modern approaches better prepare students for future challenges. Schools increasingly value critical thinking and adaptability that serve students throughout their lives, rather than focusing solely on traditional academic metrics. Parents also notice positive changes in their children's attitudes toward learning and school engagement overall.

(Adapted from https://www.studocu.vn/vn/)

Question 11: The word “valuing” in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ____________.

A. understanding
B. dismissing
C. appreciating
D. recognizing

Question 12: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

        A. Many learners show increased stress when required to complete independent assignments

        B. Most participants prefer structured lessons over self-directed educational activities

        C. Students become more engaged when they control their learning and work on meaningful tasks

        D. Teachers feel more motivated when allowing students to choose their own research topics

Question 13: In which paragraph does the writer mention technology has transformed education but also created new challenges?

A. Paragraph 3
B. Paragraph 2
C. Paragraph 4
D. Paragraph 1

Question 14: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

        A. Most educators believe increased screen time positively impacts students' social development

        B. Rural schools have widely adopted innovative teaching methods despite financial constraints

        C. Traditional academic metrics remain the primary focus for measuring educational achievement

        D. Flipped classrooms allow students to review lecture content at home before class discussions

Question 15: In which paragraph does the writer mention what has changed in students' educational experience?

A. Paragraph 4
B. Paragraph 1
C. Paragraph 3
D. Paragraph 2

Question 16: The word “Their” in paragraph 3 refers to ____________.

A. Students
B. Parents
C. Schools
D. Teachers

Question 17: Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED as a challenge in education?

A. Lack of qualified teachers
B. The digital divide

C. Excessive screen time
D. Limited resources in rural schools

Question 18: The word “underprivileged” in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by ____________.

A. minority
B. intelligent
C. rural
D. disadvantaged

Read of the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 19 to 24.

Your Guide to Wildlife Protection

        While some people remain indifferent to wildlife conservation, others have pioneered groundbreaking research in animal behavior, and (19) ____________ are actively participating in community-based conservation initiatives. Scientists have been calling upon governments to (20) ____________ illegal wildlife trafficking, which has devastated numerous species across continents. The unprecedented (21) ____________ of natural habitats has led to a catastrophic decline in wildlife populations worldwide. With reference to the latest environmental impact assessments, immediate action is required to prevent further ecosystem destruction. The symbiosis between different species in an ecosystem plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance. An abundance of endangered species requires our immediate attention and protection, yet only a (22) ____________ of conservation efforts receive adequate funding. The (23) ____________ of habitat loss extend far beyond individual species, affecting entire food webs and ecological systems. (24) ____________ the challenges we face, every individual can contribute to wildlife conservation through conscious daily choices.

(Adapted from https://khoahoc.vietjack.com/thi-online/)

Question 19:
A. another
B. other
C. the others
D. others

Question 20:
A. give in to
B. put up with
C. crack down on
D. break up with

Question 21:
A. amelioration
B. deterioration
C. augmentation
D. proliferation

Question 22:
A. portion
B. majority
C. number
D. fraction

Question 23:
A. ramifications
B. reverberations
C. manifestations
D. repercussions

Question 24:
A. Along with
B. Notwithstanding
C. Regardless of
D. According to

Read the following passage about When Local Governments Lead the Way and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.

Cities Leading the Way: Local Action for a Greener Future

        Cities around the world are taking bold steps to address environmental challenges. Many urban centers have implemented innovative programs to reduce carbon emissions and waste. Portland, Oregon, which became famous for its green initiatives in the 1990s, continues to set high standards for environmental protection today. The city council meets regularly and discusses new policies; (31) ____________. Had the federal government taken more decisive action earlier, perhaps cities would not need to lead these efforts now. Local governments are creating bike lanes, improving public transportation, and establishing community gardens. Singapore, a city-state known for its urban planning, (32) ____________.

        People who live in environmentally conscious cities often report higher quality of life. The programs implemented by forward-thinking mayors have shown impressive results, and other cities are following their examples. (33) ____________; therefore, they can make evidence-based decisions about future policies.

        Recycling has become mandatory in many cities, and penalties (34) ____________. Walking through neighborhoods filled with green spaces and breathing clean air, residents appreciate the benefits of local environmental leadership. Cities investing in renewable energy and promoting sustainable transportation not only reduce their carbon footprint but also create healthier communities for everyone.

        The success of these local initiatives demonstrates that environmental progress doesn't always require national action. Urban sustainability projects (35) ____________. Although challenges remain significant, the collective impact of city-led environmental movements offers hope for a greener future that begins at the local level.

(Adapted from https://www.studocu.vn/vn/)

Question 31: 

        A. meanwhile, many foreign investors heavily and strategically profit from replacing air and water

        B. therefore, all federal agencies quickly and effectively regulate darker soil and energy

        C. furthermore, most global corporations secretly and gradually benefit from polluting air and water

        D. consequently, all local residents greatly and immediately benefit from cleaner air and water

Question 32: 

        A. which converted their forests into mineral mines that sacrificing cultural heritage

        B. that regulated tourism within mountain villages where destroying natural resources

        C. having destroyed ancient ruins through building commercial zones despite investor protest

        D. has transformed itself into a garden city while maintaining economic growth

Question 33: 

        A. Municipalities collect data on air quality, water usage, and energy consumption

        B. Universities reject studies on climate change, wildlife patterns, and forest protection

        C. Corporations avoid taxes on profit margin, foreign trade, and stock dividends

        D. Celebrities promote myths about health benefits, beauty products, and fitness programs

Question 34: 

A. to impose for improper waste disposal
B. are imposed for improper waste disposal

C. imposed for improper waste disposal
D. imposing for improper waste disposal

Question 35: 

A. will prove dangerous to local wildlife had prevented neighboring communities from protecting natural habitats

B. has been failing repeatedly in urban zones were discouraging neighboring businesses to invest public resources

C. that have proven successful in many cities are inspiring neighboring communities to adopt similar practices

D. where citizens protested violently against major corporations are dividing neighboring communities from achieving social harmony

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of thefollowing questionsfrom 36 to 40.

Question 36: 

A.  Mom: Don’t spend too much time playing video games. You should focus on your studies.

B.  Mom: That’s good. Remember, education comes first.

C.  Son: I understand, Mom. I will only play after finishing my homework.

(Adapted from https://olm.vn/cau-hoi/tim-cac-cau-sai-duoi-day-va-sua-loi-luyen-tap-tieng-anh.)

A. b-a-c
B. a-b-c
C. b-c-a
D. a-c-b

Question 37: 

A.  Sam: What do you value most in a friend?

B.  Sam: Why is loyalty so important?

C.  Lisa: I believe loyalty is the most important quality in a friend.

D.  Lisa: Because a loyal friend will always stand by you, no matter what.

e. Sam: I agree. It’s hard to find friends who are truly loyal these days.

(Adapted from https://www.scribd.com/document/)

A. c-a-d-b-e
B. a-b-c-d-e
C. a-c-b-d-e
D. c-b-a-d-e

Question 38: 

A. Robocon is an international robotics competition where university teams design and build robots to complete specific tasks.

B. Teams from around the world participate, showcasing creativity, problem-solving skills, and technical expertise.

C. Robots must follow strict rules and complete assigned tasks within a set time limit, testing their efficiency and adaptability.

D. Over the years, the competition has expanded, providing students with a platform to improve their engineering knowledge and teamwork.

e. Robocon promotes STEM education and inspires future engineers to explore robotics and innovation.

(Adapted from https://giaoducthoidai.vn/)

A. a-c-b-e-d
B. a-e-d-c-b
C. a-d-c-b-e
D. a-b-d-c-e

Question 39: 

A. These centers provide structured courses with experienced teachers, interactive activities, and access to diverse learning resources.

B. As a result, students can improve their English skills more effectively compared to self-study.

C. Studying at an English center offers numerous advantages for learners seeking to enhance their language proficiency.

D. Furthermore, English centers create an immersive environment where students can practice speaking and listening in real-life situations.

e. In conclusion, enrolling in an English center is a great way to develop language skills in a systematic and engaging manner.

(Adapted from https://selfomy.com/blog/)

A. c - d - a - b – e
B. c - a - d - b – e
C. d - c - a - b – e
D. a - d - b - c – e

Question 40: 

Dear Sir,

A. Unfortunately, due to unforeseen challenges, I was unable to meet the original deadline.

B. I truly appreciate your patience and understanding regarding this matter.

C. I sincerely apologize for not finishing the plan on time as expected.

D. I am currently making the final adjustments and will submit the completed plan by the end of the week.

e. Please let me know if you have any urgent concerns or if there is anything I can do to minimize the inconvenience.

Yours faithfully,

(Adapted from https://anhnguoxford.vn/)

A. c - a - b - d - e
B. a - b - c - d – e
C. c - b - a - d – e
D. a - d - b - e - c