Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option...

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.

Technology, Deterrence and the Battle Against Waste Crime

        Illegal waste dumping is frequently dismissed as a local inconvenience; however, in practice it constitutes a highly organised and financially lucrative form of environmental crime. In England alone, such activity is estimated to cost the economy approximately £1 billion annually, while simultaneously imposing long-term ecological and social damage. Against this backdrop, the government has announced the establishment of a 33-member drone unit intended to enhance the detection and investigation of unlicensed waste sites. Far from being a symbolic gesture, this initiative represents a strategic shift towards a more assertive and technology-driven enforcement model. [I]

        The announcement coincided with the conviction of Varun Datta at Birmingham Crown Court. Datta orchestrated the illegal disposal of more than 4,000 tonnes of municipal waste across 16 sites, including protected land and a historic manor property. By falsely declaring that the waste would be transported to a licensed facility near Sheffield, he redirected it to unauthorised locations nationwide. [II] The court ordered him to repay over £1 million, reflecting the financial benefits derived from his activities, in addition to compensation and prosecution costs. [III] Although his custodial sentence was suspended, the substantial financial penalty was intended to undermine the economic incentives that often make waste crime attractive to organised groups.

        Central to the revised strategy is the expanded role of the Environment Agency, which now integrates advanced surveillance technologies into its investigative framework. Several drones will be equipped with lidar systems capable of generating highly detailed topographical maps, enabling authorities to identify concealed or rapidly changing dumping sites. Officials argue that such innovation is necessary because organised offenders have become increasingly adept at exploiting regulatory gaps and avoiding conventional inspections. In this sense, technological monitoring is presented not as an optional enhancement but as a proportionate response to evolving criminal methods. [IV]

        Nevertheless, questions remain regarding whether surveillance and financial penalties alone can deliver sustained deterrence. Critics contend that suspended prison sentences may dilute the perceived severity of the offence, potentially weakening the overall message of zero tolerance. Moreover, effective enforcement is resource-intensive and depends upon coordination between national regulators, local authorities and private landowners. Without consistent collaboration and long-term funding, even sophisticated technology may struggle to reverse entrenched patterns of illegal disposal.

        Ultimately, while drones and harsher penalties are unlikely to eradicate waste crime entirely, they signal an effort to recalibrate the balance of risk and reward that has historically favoured offenders. By combining technological precision with legal accountability, policymakers appear determined to demonstrate that environmental crime will no longer remain a low-risk, high-profit enterprise.

(Adapted from https://www.theguardian.com/am)

Question 1. According to paragraph 1, the establishment of the drone unit is best understood as an attempt to ____________.

        A. replace conventional inspection methods with fully automated monitoring systems

        B. offset the economic losses caused by environmental offences

        C. address illegal dumping through a more proactive and technology-oriented enforcement approach

        D. increase the number of personnel responsible for environmental compliance

Question 2. The word “assertive” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ____________.

A. hesitant and cautious
B. temporary and flexible

C. forceful and determined
D. experimental and innovative

Question 3. Why are lidar-equipped drones presented as a necessary component of the revised enforcement strategy?

A. They symbolise a broader governmental commitment to technological modernisation in environmental governance.

B. They improve the accuracy of detecting concealed dumping sites that traditional inspection procedures may overlook.

C. They reduce the overall administrative burden associated with prosecuting environmental offences nationwide.

D. They prevent offenders from exploiting sentencing inconsistencies within the judicial system.

Question 4. Which of the following best summarises paragraph 3?

A. Organised offenders have shifted towards less profitable but more discreet disposal methods.

B. Traditional inspection systems remain adequate despite the emergence of new technological tools.

C. Regulatory authorities are restructuring investigative practices to address increasingly adaptive criminal strategies.

D. Waste crime has expanded primarily because enforcement agencies underestimated its economic impact.

Question 5. According to the passage, the financial penalty imposed on Datta was intended to ____________.

        A. compensate local authorities for technological investment

        B. highlight the symbolic importance of environmental protection

        C. remove the financial motivation behind organised waste crime

        D. replace imprisonment as the primary form of punishment

Question 6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following factors is identified as essential for achieving sustained effectiveness in combating illegal waste crime?

        A. Sustained inter-agency cooperation supported by consistent financial and institutional resources.

        B. Exclusive reliance on advanced aerial surveillance technologies across affected regions.

        C. Comprehensive public awareness initiatives designed to discourage community-level participation.

        D. The immediate introduction of mandatory prison sentences for all environmental offences.

Question 7. Where in the passage would the following sentence best fit?

“This case therefore served as a practical illustration of the economic logic underpinning organised waste crime.”

A. [II]
B. [I]
C. [IV]
D. [III]

Question 8. The word “they” in paragraph 5 refers to ____________.

A. policymakers and regulators
B. patterns of illegal disposal

C. drones and harsher penalties
D. organised criminal groups

Question 9. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. The expansion of drone surveillance reflects widespread public dissatisfaction with current environmental policies.

B. Regulatory agencies previously lacked both legal authority and technological capacity to address illegal dumping effectively.

C. Most individuals involved in illegal disposal activities are unaware of the long-term ecological consequences.

D. Organised waste crime has persisted partly because the anticipated financial returns have historically exceeded the perceived risks of enforcement.

Question 10. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A. The government is adopting a multifaceted strategy combining technology with financial and legal deterrents to rebalance criminal incentives.

B. Drone surveillance will gradually replace conventional inspections and permanently eliminate organised waste crime.

C. Illegal dumping primarily results from limited public awareness rather than coordinated criminal activity.

D. Financial sanctions represent the single most effective mechanism for addressing environmental offences nationwide.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 11 to 15.

Question 11.         

A. However, the reality was far more demanding than I had anticipated, as cultural differences and tight deadlines quickly tested my adaptability.

B. Instead of feeling discouraged, I gradually adjusted my communication style and learned how to collaborate effectively with colleagues from diverse backgrounds.

C. Participating in an international exchange programme motivated me to pursue broader career opportunities beyond my home country.

D. This challenging yet transformative experience ultimately strengthened my resilience and brought me closer to achieving global success.

e. At first, I was excited about working on multinational projects and expanding my professional network.

A. c – e – b – a – d
B. c – e – a – b – d
C. c – a – e – b – d
D. e – c – a – b – d

Question 12.         

A.  Mia: Honestly, chances like that don’t come up very often. It could help your career in the long run.

B.  Leo: I’ve just been offered a short-term contract abroad, but I’m not sure if I should take it.

C.  Leo: Yeah, I guess it might give me an edge later on.

A. b – a – c
B. b – c – a
C. a – b – c
D. c – b – a

Question 13.         

A.  Liam: I agree. Protecting wildlife isn’t just a local issue anymore; it’s a global responsibility.

B.  Sophie: I read that several countries are working together to save endangered species.

C.  Liam: Yes, and some conservation projects have even created jobs for local communities.

D.  Sophie: That’s great! It shows that wildlife conservation benefits both the environment and the economy.

e. Liam: Exactly. When people see real benefits, they’re more willing to support long-term conservation efforts.

A. b – d – c – a – e
B. a – b – c – e – d
C. b – a – c – d – e
D. b – c – d – e – a

Question 14.         

A. I am writing to express my interest in the part-time sales assistant position advertised on your website.

B. I believe my customer service experience and strong communication skills make me a suitable candidate for this role.

C. I am currently a second-year university student seeking practical work experience to develop my professional skills.

D. I would welcome the opportunity to attend an interview at your convenience.

e. I have attached my CV for your consideration and look forward to hearing from you soon.

A. c – a – b – d – e
B. a – c – b – e – d
C. a – c – b – d – e
D. a – b – c – e – d

Question 15.         

A. Overall, these developments suggest a clear transition from a predominantly agricultural village to a more urbanised and functionally diverse area.

B. Significant developments occurred in Greenfield village between 1990 and 2015, during which the village underwent considerable changes.

C. By 2015, several new housing estates had been constructed on former farmland, and the main road had been extended to the east.

D. In 1990, Greenfield was largely rural in character, consisting mainly of open fields, a small number of houses, and a primary school located near the river.

e. Furthermore, a community centre and a small retail area were added in the southern part of the village, replacing what had once been open land.

A. b – c – d – e – a
B. b – d – c – e – a
C. d – b – c – e – a
D. d – c – b – e – a

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 16 to 20.

        An ethnography is a valuable research design for studying groups in education, focusing on their behaviors, beliefs, language, and the ways they develop shared patterns of interaction over time. Ethnographic research is a qualitative approach used to describe, analyze, and interpret the patterns of a culture-sharing group. (16) ____________, including language, rituals, social structures, life stages, interactions, and communication.

        Ethnographers conduct research by entering the “field,” (17) ____________. They aim to produce a detailed cultural portrait of a group within its natural setting. Typically, ethnographic studies focus on a group of individuals at a single site, examining shared patterns of behavior, belief, and language that have evolved over time. Fieldwork often involves observing and interviewing participants in the contexts where they live and work. Data analysis begins with describing and analyzing the culture-sharing group and interpreting its patterns within the broader context of culture in action. (18) ____________. The roots of ethnographic research lie in anthropology, sociology, education, and postmodern concerns about interpretation and representation.

        Historically, three main types of ethnographic designs have emerged: realist, case study, and critical ethnographies. A realist ethnography presents an objective account of a culture-sharing group. (19) ____________. Case studies focus on a specific program, event, or activity and offer an in-depth description and analysis based on extensive data collection. Critical ethnography emphasizes advocacy, giving voice to marginalized groups and addressing issues of power and authority. Together, these three ethnographic designs illustrate the methodological diversity of ethnographic research, (20) ____________.

(Adapted from Educational Research)

Question 16.         

        A. People behave and believe in a system of cultural concepts and encompass them broadly

        B. Culturally, encompassing belief systems in human behavior is a broad concept

        C. The concept of culture is broad and encompasses human behavior and belief systems

        D. Human behavior and their belief systems are broadly encompassed the concept of culture

Question 17.         

        A. observing and interviewing are means of collecting extensive data

        B. through interviewing and observation, data are collected extensively

        C. that extensive data are collected through interviewing and observation

        D. where they collect extensive data through observation and interviewing

Question 18.         

A. Ethnographers, therefore, adopt a reflexive inquiry style, remaining self-aware in research while maintaining respect for participants.

B. On the contrary, ethnographers maintain a reflexive inquiry style and adopt self-aware in research to remain respect for participants.

C. Participants, on the contrary, respect for ethnographers while remaining self-aware in a reflexive inquiry in research.

D. Therefore, participants remain a reflexive inquiry style in research while maintaining their respect for ethnographers.

Question 19.         

A. This type of ethnopgraphy is typically written from a third-person perspective, with the researcher providing the final interpretation.

B. Regardless of a third-person perspective, it is typically written basing on the researcher’s sole perspective and interpretation.

C. Typically, it is written from a researcher’s perspective basing on the final interpretation which is provided by the third person.

D. The researcher writes this type of ethnopghraphy from their own perspectives without any interpretation from a third person.

Question 20.         

        A. because social and cultural phenomena can be understood from a distinct lens offered

        B. to understand social and cultural phenomena through a distinct lens offered by them

        C. each of them ofters a distinct lens in order to understand social and cultural phenomena

        D. each offering a distinct lens through which social and cultural phenomena can be understood

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 27 to 34.

        3D printers have been widely used in educational settings from K–12 schools to universities as tools that support experiential learning and innovation. They are placed in various locations and environmental settings on campus, such as classrooms, maker centers, laboratories, and offices, alongside other office equipment such as photocopy machines, and are used for teaching, research, design, and prototyping in engineering, architecture, and other fields. In particular, university maker centers often house diverse types and multiple 3D printers within a single space, where these devices may operate continuously for extended periods. This intensive and frequent use increases the likelihood of prolonged exposure to emissions for students and staff working nearby.

        Chemical Insights Research Institute (CIRI) has conducted a multi-year research initiative on 3D printer emissions and has found that 3D printing produces ultrafine particles (UFPs, smaller than 100 nm) as well as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Due to their extremely small size, UFPs can remain suspended in the air for long durations and are easily inhaled. Once inhaled, these particles may penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, which has been linked to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

        In addition, some VOCs released during 3D printing processes have been associated with both acute and chronic adverse health effects, including eye and throat irritation, respiratory illness, and, in some cases, cancer, depending on exposure duration and concentration levels. The use of 3D printers on campuses can therefore contribute to elevated levels of indoor air pollutants, raising particular concerns for vulnerable populations such as individuals with asthma or other pre-existing respiratory conditions.

        As a result, the growing prevalence of 3D printers in educational environments has increased attention to indoor air quality management. In enclosed or poorly ventilated spaces, continuous printer operation may lead to the accumulation of airborne pollutants, thereby heightening potential health risks. Consequently, systematic monitoring of particle and VOC levels, together with effective ventilation and exposure mitigation strategies, is essential to ensure a safe learning and working environment.

(Adapted from https://chemicalinsights.ul.org)

Question 27. The phrase “these devices” in paragraph 1 most directly refers to ____________.

A. laboratories
B. photocopy machines
C. universities
D. 3D printers

Question 28. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 1?

A. The heavy and repeated use makes it more likely that students and staff in close proximity will experience long-term exposure to emissions.

B. Intensive and frequently repeated use reduces the chances that emissions will affect students and staff working close to the source.

C. Because students and staff work nearby, they are exposed to emissions for a long time, although the use is not frequent and intensive.

D. The frequent exposure of students and staff results in more intensive use of emission-producing equipment nearby.

Question 29. The word “penetrate” in paragraph 2 mostly means ____________.

A. remain
B. enter
C. embark
D. remove

Question 30. Which of the following is NOT implied in the passage regarding 3D printers in educational environments?

        A. They are commonly used for innovation-oriented learning activities.

        B. Prolonged printer operation may increase exposure to airborne emissions.

        C. Educational institutions are legally required to limit printer usage time.

        D. Indoor air pollution levels may rise as a result of printer use.

Question 31. The word “accumulation” in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ____________.

A. retention
B. reduction
C. intensity
D. increase

Question 32. Which of the following can be reasonably inferred from the passage?

        A. Extended exposure increases potential health risks in enclosed spaces.

        B. 3D printer emissions pose no risk in well-ventilated classrooms.

        C. UFPs are more dangerous than VOCs in all exposure conditions.

        D. Maker centers are safer than laboratories for operating 3D printers.

Question 33. Which paragraph(s) mainly focus on the health implications of exposure to 3D printer emissions?

A. Paragraphs 1 and 4
B. Paragraphs 2 and 3                

C. Paragraph 1 only
D. Paragraph 4 only

Question 34. Which paragraph emphasizes the need to balance educational benefits with health protection measures?

A. Paragraph 1
B. Paragraph 2
C. Paragraph 3
D. Paragraph 4

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 35 to 40.  

Eat Real Food Policy – Updated U.S. Dietary Guidelines (2025–2030)

        The Eat Real Food Policy refers to the updated United States Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2025–2030), marking a significant shift in federal nutrition guidance. (35) ____________, the policy delivers a clear message: prioritise real, minimally processed foods to curb diet-related diseases and improve public health.The guidelines emphasise real, whole foods (36) ____________ are recognisable in their natural form. Protein is highlighted as a key nutrient and encouraged at every meal. Fruit and vegetables are prioritised with (37) ____________, while whole grains are promoted over refined grains.

        The policy addresses rising (38) ____________ of obesity, prediabetes, and chronic diseases linked to poor diets by encouraging a shift towards nutrient-dense. In doing so, it seeks to foster long-term (39) ____________ habits that support sustainable public health outcomes. These science-based guidelines apply (40) ____________ all life stages and influence national programmes such as school meals, public health campaigns, and nutrition education.

(Adapted from https://www.hhs.govpolicy.com)

Question 35.
A. However
B. Otherwise
C. Nevertheless
D. Accordingly

Question 36.
A. what
B. which
C. whose
D. who

Question 37.
A. intake specific targets
B. specific targets intake

C. targets specific intake
D. specific intake targets

Question 38.
A. rates
B. amounts
C. degrees
D. numbers

Question 39.
A. dietetics
B. dietary
C. dietitian
D. diet

Question 40.
A. to
B. with
C. of
D. for