Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences...

Read the following passage about THE GREENWASHING PARADOX and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

The escalating climate crisis has compelled global industries to project an eco-friendly image; (18)_________. This disingenuous strategy, which remains prevalent despite numerous public censures, relies on ambiguous terminology to camouflage high-carbon activities. (19)_________, yet its current enforcement mechanism lacks the necessary punitive bite to deter persistent offenders. Such institutional weakness allows firms to maintain a green facade while their internal operations remain ecologically destructive.

When organizations receive formal warnings for misleading claims, they often perform a minor rebranding of controversial campaigns rather than implementing genuine environmental transformations. (20)_________. Instead of aligning their core business models with net-zero targets, several major players continue to deploy selective data to entice environmentally conscious shoppers. These organizations manipulate public perception; (21)_________. Ultimately, the global market requires a more rigorous framework to distinguish between truly sustainable brands and those merely seeking a competitive advantage through misinformation. The absence of transparent reporting standards allows polluters to distort the truth while continuing their profitable but harmful activities. Consumers, (22)_________, will continue to struggle with identifying authentic ecological commitment. Holding corporations accountable is no longer just a preference but a fundamental necessity for protecting our planet’s future and ensuring a viable path forward for the next generation.

https://www.theguardian.com/g

Question 18:

A.  consequently, many multinational corporations adopt environmentally responsible policies in their operations

B.  as a result, many multinational corporations highlight their environmental commitments in official reports

C.  consequently, many multinational corporations prioritize superficial marketing over substantive operational shifts

D.  therefore, many multinational corporations emphasize measurable environmental improvements across sectors

Question 19:

A.  It was the Advertising Standards Authority that serves as the primary watchdog against such deceptive practices

B.  It is the Advertising Standards Authority that serves as the primary watchdog against such deceptive practices

C.  It is the Advertising Standards Authority which serves as the primary watchdog against such deceptive practices

D.  There is the Advertising Standards Authority serving as the primary watchdog against such deceptive practices

Question 20:

A.  Why such organizations continue superficial modifications despite warnings reflects ongoing regulatory challenges

B.  How these companies adapt their promotional strategies contributes to broader discussions on environmental governance

C.  Whether these firms update their campaigns through minor changes remains a contested issue in sustainability debates

D.  That these entities exploit loopholes without heavy penalties remains a major obstacle to global sustainability

Question 21:

A.  hence, the credibility of corporate environmentalism is systematically eroded by a cycle of empty promises

B.  thus, public perceptions of corporate sustainability are increasingly shaped by selective disclosures

C.  accordingly, stakeholder confidence is maintained through consistent environmental communication strategies

D.  therefore, corporate environmental narratives become more influential across global consumer markets

Question 22:

A.  who will not be protected by stricter legal consequences and mandatory disclosure of carbon footprints

B.  who had not been protected by stricter legal consequences and mandatory disclosure of carbon footprints

C.  who are not protected by stricter legal consequences and mandatory disclosure of carbon footprints

D.  which are not protected by stricter legal consequences and mandatory disclosure of carbon footprints

Read the following passage about LAND TITLING AND THE EVOLUTION OF AGRARIAN DYNAMICS and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

The intersection between formal land use rights and agricultural advancement in rural Vietnam represents a pivotal dimension of the nation’s economic transition. Historically, tenuous land tenure impeded substantial development, yet the systematic issuance of "Red Books" has fundamentally altered this landscape. By formalizing property rights, the state provides a robust framework that encourages households to transition from transient subsistence toward sophisticated, long-term land management. This institutional shift functions as a catalyst for modernizing the entire primary sector through enhanced investment and heightened productivity.

A primary consequence of land certification is the significant augmentation of tenure security, which effectively diminishes the perceived risk of arbitrary expropriation. When farmers possess legal certainty, they are markedly more inclined to commit capital to soil conservation, irrigation infrastructures, and perennial crops. Such strategic investments, while requiring extensive time to yield returns, are indispensable for fostering environmental sustainability and maximizing crop yields. Consequently, the psychological assurance provided by formal titles transforms the agricultural horizon, allowing stakeholders to prioritize long-term ecological health over immediate, albeit unstable, gains.

Furthermore, the research underscores a critical nexus between legal land titles and the accessibility of formal credit markets. Legal certificates enable land to function as collateral for institutional loans, thereby facilitating the acquisition of high-quality seeds, advanced fertilizers, and specialized machinery. This influx of capital allows households to transcend traditional technological constraints, leading to a measurable increase in total factor productivity. Nevertheless, the efficacy of titling remains contingent upon regional variables, as local geographic characteristics and initial soil quality often dictate the ultimate success of these financial interventions.

In conclusion, land tenure security serves as an essential driver of agricultural efficiency and poverty alleviation within transition economies. For Vietnam, the continuous refinement of land-use policies and the universal distribution of certificates are imperative strategies for achieving sustainable rural development. Ensuring that farming communities remain empowered through legal recognition will undoubtedly fortify the resilience of the agrarian economy against global fluctuations. Ultimately, the synthesis of secure rights and improved capital access provides a definitive blueprint for elevating the living standards of millions of rural inhabitants.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/g

Question 23: According to the passage, all of the following are benefits of formal land titling EXCEPT.

A.  Increased psychological assurance for farmers to invest in long-term irrigation and soil conservation.

B.  Enhanced access to formal credit markets by allowing land to be used as collateral for loans.

C.  The guarantee that financial interventions will be successful regardless of local soil quality or geography.

D.  A transition from subsistence farming toward modernized, long-term land management and higher productivity.

Question 24: The word “tenuous” in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to _________.

A.  insubstantial                                B. unassailable                        C. precarious                                D. transient

Question 25: The word “they” in paragraph 2 refers to _________.

A.  legal certificates                        B. property rights                C. formal titles                                D. farmers

Question 26: The word “nexus” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by _________.

A.  conjunction                                B. disjuncture                        C. fragmentation                                D. partition

Question 27: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

A.  Granting temporary fiscal incentives to local growers will likely improve the efficiency of the national market during economic recessions.

B.  Upholding the statutory standing of rural producers will surely bolster the capacity of the farming sector to withstand worldwide instabilities.

C.  Establishing rigid state controls over village output will inevitably protect the stability of the domestic trade against internal variances.

D.  Promoting communal ownership of regional pastures will certainly enhance the productivity of the primary industry against seasonal transitions.

Question 28: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A.  Immediate financial yields remain the primary motivation for stakeholders implementing long-term ecological strategies.

B.  Universal distribution of certificates guarantees uniform success across all regions regardless of the soil quality.

C.  Subsistence farming models have historically provided a more robust framework for modernizing the primary sector.

D.  Psychological certainty regarding property rights encourages farmers to allocate capital toward perennial cropping.

Question 29: In which paragraph does the writer mention how land titles assist in technological advancement?

A.  Paragraph 3                                B. Paragraph 2                                C. Paragraph 4                                D. Paragraph 1

Question 30: In which paragraph does the writer mention what is identified as a necessary action to protect the agrarian economy from international instability?

A.  Paragraph 2                                B. Paragraph 3                                C. Paragraph 4                                D. Paragraph 1

Question 31: The phrase “uncharted waters” in paragraph 1 has the closest meaning to _________.

A.  wind up                                        B. run into                                        C. venturing into                                D. fall through

Question 32: According to the passage, all of the following are characteristics of the "polycrisis" EXCEPT.

A.  It originates from a singular, identifiable ideological taproot similar to the crises of the 1970s.

B.  It involves an intricate entanglement of disparate global challenges that lack a central origin.

C.  It has caused previously inconceivable events to be perceived as established and plausible facts.

D.  It renders traditional crisis management mechanisms obsolete due to overlapping systemic shocks.

Question 33: Where in the paragraph does the following sentence best fit?

The market has consistently proven to be the most reliable tool for social engineering.

A. [I]
B. [II]
C. [III]
D. [IV]

Question 34: The word “its” in paragraph 2 refers to _________.

A.  neoliberalism                                 B. humanity                                         C. the market                         D. social engineering

Question 35: Which of the following best summarises paragraph 3?

A.  Temporary mitigation of immediate systemic shocks potentially intensifies underlying structural vulnerabilities.

B.  Successful management of historical financial depressions ensures the long-term stability of global sectors.

C.  Contentious industrial policies provide the definitive resolution required to attain sustainable development.

D.  Reactive measures effectively eliminate subterranean disruptions by addressing the root causes of instability.

Question 36: The word “contentious” in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to _________.

A.  disputatious                                B. acrimonious                                C. harmonious                                D. ambitious

Question 37: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

A.  Historical solutions are increasingly reliable for maintaining long-term equilibrium amidst these escalating and interconnected global disturbances.

B.  Current international stakeholders effectively utilize traditional frameworks to mitigate the detrimental impacts of modern and concurrent catastrophic events.

C.  Escalating systemic shocks necessitate a complete reliance on established restorative protocols to ensure the continued resilience of global infrastructures.

D.  Intensifying concurrent disruptions compel the world to acknowledge that legacy remedies are inadequate for ensuring enduring socioeconomic and political security.

Question 38: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A.  Modern instability originates from a singular ideological taproot like the 1970s.

B.  Successful immediate mitigation may inadvertently intensify long-term global systemic precariousness.

C.  Neoliberal proponents maintain absolute confidence that market forces rectify any imbalance.

D.  Historical population growth remains a negligible factor within contemporary global transformation.

Question 39: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A.  Contemporary global challenges are primarily managed through the restoration of traditional neoliberal economic frameworks.

B.  The exponential growth of human populations has rendered nuclear disarmament an impossible geopolitical objective.

C.  Short-term crisis stabilization might paradoxically compromise the foundational resilience of the international global system.

D.  Sustainable development goals are increasingly attainable due to the consistent stability of democratic institutions.

Question 40: Which of the following best summarises the passage?

A.  Persistent global instability necessitates a fundamental reassessment of reactive and inadequate crisis management frameworks.

B.  Historical neoliberal economic models remain the most effective instruments for rectifying contemporary systemic imbalances.

C.  Exponential population growth represents the primary catalyst for the current depletion of global resources.

D.  Sustainable industrial policies provide a definitive resolution for reconciling environmental preservation with economic development.

Read of the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

TRAVEL WITH A PURPOSE: EMBRACE SUSTAINABILITY

⮚        Sustainable tourism is far more than a trend; it represents a fundamental commitment to our planet. Many people believe that individual choices do not matter, (7)_________ every conscious decision helps preserve natural biodiversity. When we plan a trip, we should focus on protecting (8)_________ rather than just seeking temporary entertainment.

⮚        Traveling sustainably often means avoiding the damage caused by industrial fishing, such as the impact of a world (9)_________ trawler on marine life. Instead, we should support local initiatives that keep the environment's health (10)_________ heart. These small steps ensure that the economic revenue generated from your visit stays within the community to support fair employment.

⮚        Before you depart, remember that the finishing (11)_________ on a perfect holiday are the respect and care you show to indigenous traditions. By choosing "slow travel," you become part of (12)_________ global movement dedicated to safeguarding the world's treasures for future generations.

https://www.theguardian.com/g

Question 7:A. given that
B.  whereas
C.  notwithstanding
D.  despite

Question 8:A. vulnerable wildlife habitats
B.  wildlife vulnerable habitats

C.  vulnerable habitats wildlife
D.  habitats wildlife vulnerable 

Question 9:A. scale-tipping
B.  norm-defying
C.  limit-stretching
D.  record-breaking

Question 10:A. for
B.  in
C.  at
D.  to

Question 11:A. details
B.  touches
C.  points
D.  strokes

Question 12:A. Ø (no article)
B.  a
C.  the
D.  an

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

SAVE THE AMAZON: OUR FINAL SIREN

⮚        The Amazon rainforest, (1)_________ is often called the "lungs of the planet," is now facing an existential threat. For decades, this vital ecosystem has been struggling against land (2)_________ for agriculture and mining. The situation is becoming (3)_________ ever because the more we delay our actions, the faster we approach a point of no return.

⮚        Recent studies show that climate change and deforestation are disrupting the moisture cycle. The forest (4)_________ at a precarious crossroads might soon lose its ability to generate rain. This decline is not just a local issue; we must (5)_________ these environmental pressures before the feedback loop becomes irreversible.

⮚        The global community needs to take (6)_________ action to protect our future. If the Amazon collapses, the released carbon will make international climate goals impossible to reach. Join our campaign today to ensure that the "lungs of the planet" can continue to breathe.

https://www.theguardian.com/g

Question 1:A. that
B.  whom
C.  whose
D.  which

Question 2:A. reclamation
B.  clearance
C.  conversion
D.  degradation

Question 3:A. the most critical
B.  critical than
C.  more critical than
D.  more critical as

Question 4:A. had stood
B.  stood
C.  standing
D.  which stood

Question 5:A. deal with
B.  get over
C.  face up
D.  take on

Question 6:A. immediateness
B.  immediacy
C.  immediately
D.  immediate